The Russian Civil war, 1918-21 Essays

The Russian Civil war, 1918-21Â   Essays The Russian Civil war, 1918-21Â   Paper The Russian Civil war, 1918-21Â   Paper It is accurate to say that the Whites were a huge threat to the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil war. This discussion will analyse why they proved such a threat using source A and my own knowledge.As source A correctly shows, the whites controlled vast amounts of Russia. This would have given them a huge advantage when it came to attacking for they could do so from all sides. This ultimately would stretch the Bolshevik forces to a large extent, causing thin defensive lines, which the whites may have easily broken.The whites also controlled the Trans Siberian railway. This was incredibly important, as it was one of the only means of transferring troops and supplies due to Russias enormity.The white forces had backing from various influential groups in Russia. The landowners who had been dispossessed of their land due to the communist regime gave their support, for of course they wanted it back. The Socialist Revolutionaries also supported them because they were deeply angered at Lenins move to close down the Constituent assembly due to it being counter revolutionary.The Communists were hated by the nationalist groups for signing the treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, (the treaty to end the first world war). They believed that Russia shouldnt have given in so easily and also shouldnt have given away much of their land. This reason forced them to join the whites.The aristocrats, businessmen and richer peasants of Russia formed the Kulaks. This force was controlled by General Denekin and Admiral Kolchak and fought because it would benefit them all if the Soviets were removed from power. As source a shows this force advanced from Russias east side.It was in the interests of all the major powers of the world to remove the Bolsheviks as soon as possible. Therefore as source a shows the whites had a considerable amount of foreign support. These powers included Britain, France and America as well as the Poles, Canadians and even the Germans. T hese extra forces were bound to enhance the white forces and would prove a threat to the Soviets. It also meant that the whites could fight a longer drawn out war, for they were not footing the bill, while the soviets could not afford to do this.It is realistic to say that the whites did prove a large threat to the Bolsheviks due to the reasons above. All the factors are extremely important for every regiment stretched the Bolshevik red army even further.Question 3This piece of writing will discuss how reliable source C is for a historian studying the Russian civil war.Source C is an account of the Bolsheviks Red Terror observed by a British businessman in Russia in 1918. The businessman is British and is therefore bound to be slightly biased against the Bolsheviks. Being British the reader assumes he belongs to the white side. This businessman has written this source at the time of the civil war and because he hasnt got hindsight the source might not be totally reliable.The first l ine of the source states that the peasants hated the Bolsheviks and would not give them grain. Lenin had given the peasants the land and they were grateful for this. Although they did not really like the Bolsheviks they were scared that if the Whites won Tsarism or something worse might be restored. Therefore they either stayed out of the war or joined the reds. This contradicts the first line for not all the peasants hated the Communist regime.The writer of this source is a businessman and is therefore likely to be middle class. He quotes, the position of the middle class defies all description. This comment is probably being overstated and is probably used mainly as anti propaganda against the Bolsheviks. As someone from the middle class he is trying to protect his own place in society, which is threatened by the Bolshevik idea that everybody is equal.Although a British man has written this source it is largely correct in what it says. The Bolsheviks were a machine of terror and t heir attitude towards the middle classes was terrible. It was in their interests in some cases to take grain from the peasants for without it there front line forces would have starved and they would not have been able to hold onto power. From other sources I have gathered that if a soldier of the red army deserted the punishment is death. Therefore this statement is reliable.I believe this source is reliable in most that it says. It is not a distorted view at all and is actually surprisingly trustworthy. I would have expected it to be even more biased against the reds, as the writer was a white whoms duty it was to spread anti red propaganda given the opportunity.The Bolshevik sucsess in the civil war was due to the weaknessess of the whites . In this essay I will assess and discuss this interpretation, looking at the all the factors and evidence.The White armies were not united as a fighting force. Source A correctly shows many different nations advancing from different sides. The se nations all had different objectives and ambitions and were not fighting for one single cause. Therefore instead of fighting as one large unit they fought as several, effectively weakening themselves.There were even cases of generals on the White side refusing to speak to each other, An example of this were the Generals Kornilov and Alexi.Many troops fighting on the White side were incredibly exhausted by world war one. These troops were sent to Russia and may have fought with physically tired bodies and equipment.The reds were extremely ruthless to the white officers as source B suggests. Although this may be biased against the reds it is still highly relevant towards the question. If the White soldiers heard this sort of propaganda there morale would surely be weakened. In general the White morale was not good, this was especially so when the French naval fleets mutinied at Odessa. Although the reds were known for their barbarism it is unfair to discount the whites cruelty as w ell. It is known that the killing of 100,000 Jews was ordered by the high white generals.The peasents were a definate factor in deciding the outcome of the civil war. Russia occupys vast numbers and which ever side they joined surely had an advantage. The Whites refused to promise independance. Therefore they were worried that if the whites were to beat the Soviets Tsarism or something very similar may be restored, therefore the majoriy sided with the Bolsheviks.The Whites also didnt try to gain the popular support of the masses in Russia. It was almost imperitive for them to do this if they wanted a chance in winning the war. The masses could have rallied up against the Bolsheviks, instead they joined with them to fight the whites.Countrys supporting the whites for example Britain and France sent small forces, this comment is backed up in source G. It is likely to be correct as it is written by an independant British historian early in the 21st century who it seems would have no cl ear motives for being biased. Sending small forces shows the confidence and expectance of the foreign leaders. These leaders arrogance was surely a reason for the white loss for with a larger force it is unlikely the Bolsheviks would have clung to power.Source a shows all the differnet nations invovled in helping the whites in the civil war. With so many invovled it was highly unlikely they were all going to have the same objectives and ambitions. Therefore instead of fighting as one large unit they fought as several surely weakening themselves.Although there are many white weaknesses which brought about a defeat for the whites there are also many red strenghs which surely were huge factors.The Russian generals are portrayed as dogs who are all scampering in different directions in Source D. Although this is a piece of propoganda written by the Bolsheviks and is a distorted view it is generally what the majority of the Russian people believed at the time. The Russian reds fought des peratley knowing that if they were beaten they were bound to be treated like this and that they may be killed.Source C states that for any military offence the only punishment is death. This is largely correct for in the Bolshevik army disipline was ruthless. This caused the Bolshevik soldiers to become scared and therefore they fought desperatley.Trotsky was a military genious. He created a feared fighting force christened the red army, which was ruthless and extremely effective against the Whites. Trotsky also re commisened many old Tsarist officers back into the army. This bolstered his force and gave him much needed experience. By 1918 the red army numbered 1,700,000 is a statement taken from source e. Although this is written by a soviet historian and is likely to be slightly biased it is still a fairly accurate representation. Trotsky conscripted thousands of normal Russians and forced them to fight against the whites.The red army was fresh and new unlike the beligered tired a rmies of the whites who had been fighting world war two. This gave them a strong advantage and of course boostered there morale, which was extremely high.The Soviets were also very lucky in the fact that they controlled the two main industrial centres, Moscow and Petrograd. This point is backed up in source F which mentions that the reds controlled most of the resources of old Russia. This source is unlikely to be biased for it is written by an indepedant British historian who would probably have little reason to distort the truth. They also had control of the important railway network which gave them the ability of moving troops quickly and effectively.Perhaps the most important factor for the Soviet victory is that they had clear objectives on what they wanted to achieve. A victory for them would secure power over Russia and all soldiers were completely united in a common cause. This is bound to increase their morale and determination.It is fair to say that the whites did have alo t of weaknessess during the civil war, but this is not solely why the Bolsheviks won. The Bolshevik victory was largely down to their own strengths and sheer determination as well as great leadership and order.

The Tasks of Technical Writing

The Tasks of Technical Writing The Tasks of Technical Writing The Tasks of Technical Writing By Mark Nichol If you’ve ever read an instruction manual, you know what technical writing is, though it comes in many other forms. The three basic categories of technical writing are: end-user documentation, which helps consumers build, operate, and/or repair tools, devices, software, and hardware. technical documentation, which includes repair manuals, maintenance guides, and engineering specifications; white papers, research papers, or journal articles; reference guides; and annual reports. marketing copy, such as advertisements, brochures, catalogs, press releases, and home page content. Technical writing is accomplished according to various considerations: Format: Will it be published in print, or online? Will the writer submit raw text to be formatted later, or is the writer responsible for its presentation as well? Source: Will the writer obtain information from one or more people with pertinent knowledge (often referred to as subject-matter experts), from provided print or online resources, from materials the writer will have to identify and locate, or from a combination of sources? Audience: What is the technical ability of the readership? Are readers laypeople, people familiar with but not proficient in the topic, or experts? The expected format determines whether the writer is expected to be an information designer as well, the source(s) determine whether the writer needs interviewing and/or research skills as well as writing skills, and the audience determines whether and to what extent the writer must define or revise technical terms and/or simplify descriptions and explanations. Technical writers must of course have an aptitude for explaining sometimes complicated procedures in clear language. It is also helpful for them to know principles of instructional design and be able to produce and present visual and audio materials to augment or replace written content. In addition, technical writers are often called on to create more than one version of a document to accommodate users with various levels of expertise. But the most important proficiencies for technical writers are problem solving and troubleshooting, because those who create documentation are in the best position to note and respond to obstacles and inconsistencies in its production; like any writer or editor, the technical writer is the reader’s representative, examining documentation from the user’s point of view and ensuring that it anticipates any questions or concerns they may have. The range of professional disciplines in which technical writing is conducted is diverse. Documentation is required in the following areas: computer software and hardware tools and appliances machines and vehicles toys and sports equipment finance and banking science and medicine politics and social policy law and law enforcement Similar job titles include technical editor, information architect, and user-interface designer; people in these roles perform related functions but help refine and format the work of technical writers or produce documentation independently. Considering the array of tasks and the spectrum of subject matter involved in technical communications, if you have a knack for explaining and for organizing and presenting information, you’re likely to find a professional niche that’s right for you. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business LetterDawned vs. DonnedPresent Participle as Adjective

Cold Laser Therapy claims is to be critically evaluated Essay

Cold Laser Therapy claims is to be critically evaluated - Essay Example To approve any other claim or even similar claim for a particular device, the FDA requires adequate clinical data. Hawaii-based Quantum-Healing -Lasers.com, which sells many cold laser products online, claims that low-level laser therapy is effective for pain relief, anti-aging, weight-loss, smoking cessation, skin care, and treatment of broken bones and bullet wounds (Quantum-Heating-Lasers.com). This paper aims to evaluate some of the claims made by the organization. Quantum-Healing-Lasers.com says that smoking cessation studies in Canada and Europe have a purported success rate of 85%. According to the site, a high-wavelength, low-energy light, when applied to specific points in the body, blocks nicotine-receptors and simulates the release of endorphins. Nicotine is the addictive-factor in cigarette smoking. Nicotine gives smokers a "high" by releasing mood-enhancing chemicals called endorphins. The release of endorphins during laser therapy allegedly prevents any withdrawal symptoms that may occur because of smoking cessation. By curtailing the withdrawal symptoms, a long-time smoker is not tempted to smoke again. The site claims that the procedure is painless, easy, and takes only half-an-hour. The American Cancer Society (ACS) alleges that the currently available scientific evidence does not support claims of cold laser therapy as a smoking cessation aid. Another allegation made by ACS is that some television stations reported the cold laser therapy providers advertisements promising smoking cessation with laser treatment as news, making the therapy popular (ACS::Cold Laser Therapy, 2007). Public watchdog group Public Citizen also alleged that cold laser therapy providers are defrauding thousands of smokers with promise of cessation for hefty sums of up to $349 per session. According to the group reviews of medical literature shows few well-run trials that study the effectiveness of cold laser therapy for

Pyschology-TV Character Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pyschology-TV Character Evaluation - Essay Example (IEP Freud, 2010) It was his insistence on understanding the human mind that allowed modern psychology to gain the abilities it has now. And while his approach may have been flawed in some areas, he made it possible to move forward in the field of psychology. Carl Jung is best known for being the founder of analytical psychology. Among his many accomplishments in the field of psychology are his developments of the concepts of extroverted and introverted personality and the collective unconscious. (Cowgil, 1997) A lingering result of his approach in popular culture is the use of the Jung and Briggs Myers typology test whish tested your personality type based on a series of questions. This approach is used today in many corporate entrance examinations to verify the person’s personality and abilities. Another interesting innovation was his theory regarding symbols and their use in defining and understanding individual human nature. The popular Rorschach Inkblot tests are a result of the influences of Carl Jung’s approach to symbolism in understanding the psychology of the individual. Carl Rogers is best known for his contributions to client-centered therapy using humanistic approaches.

Lyndon B. Johnson Essay Example for Free

Lyndon B. Johnson Essay Lyndon B. Johnson’s presidential reign began with the assassination of former president John F. Kennedy in 1963. While the people of the United States tried to recover from the loss of Kennedy, Johnson used it to his advantage. Many citizens did not notice that this was being done, and some even wonder if Johnson himself knew he was using it to his advantage. By him telling America that Kennedy would have wanted the Great Society, the people believed him and went through with it. Many things, both good an bad came out of the Great Society. The Great Society was Johnson’s way of fixing the problems in America, that being the political, emotional and mostly the social problems. Johnson used the nations grief to pass the civil rights bill. It had the same idea of the bill Kennedy was planning on passing, but the difference was that Johnson’s was stronger and more powerful. This act was passed in July of 1964, and it outlawed radical discrimination in all public places. Places that included hotels, and restaurants, it banned the discrimination of unions, and the employers and even programs that were funded by the federal government. The civil rights act was not the only thing passed in 1964 though, he also passed the Economic Opportunity Act. As seen in document B, the act was made to help people in poverty. It started head start, a preschool program funded by the government, and gave workers and farmers money to break through and escape from poverty. It improved what was being done in our nation at that time, and became a milestone for our 180-year search for a better life for our people. With these couple of acts being formed it did help our poverty rates change. When you look at document H you can see that in 1959 before Johnson’s presidency, the poverty rate was at 55.1 for blacks, 18.1 for whites, and 53.3 for all non-whites. Once the acts were formed the rates went down a little and were recorded in 1966 by about 15 percent except for whites, the whites only went down 7 percent. They kept decreasing until 1974 where they were last recorded in the document at 29.5 percent for all non-whites, 31.4 for blacks, and 8.9 for whites. The white race was effected the most by this and they decreased the most out of all of races. Now with the change of the  poverty rates, Johnson also tried to help with medical prices. He started insurance programs such as Medicare for seniors and Medicaid for the poor. Document A shows Abraham Ribcoff testifying before the House of Representatives about the prices of medical care. The discovery of more advanced medical sciences and life spans lasting longer, the elders and poor need more help paying these bills and with Medicare and Medicaid help will be provided. Now the Great Society was a huge deal during Lyndon B. Johnson’s presidency. Probably because it had a huge impact on America to this day. Johnson poured millions, even billions of dollars into building a perfect society. While he was putting money into this, he was spending money trying to help with the Vietnam War. Document E is a perfect cartoon of what was happening in the time period. Johnson knew that we could not win the war, but he kept us fighting. Many lives were lost, and more and more money was spilt into it. The idea of his Great Society fed right into the war. So much money was lost into the US economy and it is money that we have not gotten back. People were disappointed with Johnson because he kept us fighting, but he did not under their anger. In document F, an interview of Johnson in 1967, he states, â€Å"How is it possible that all these people could be so ungrateful to me after I had given them so much?† He has a point where he had done a lot, but t his was nothing compared to the pain families had felt over their loved ones. Johnson was not the only political figure during this ear that made a strong impact on civil rights. Several supreme court cases were occurring at this time between the Miranda rights, and when Plessy was overturned by Brown. Along with Baker v. Carr and Engel v. Vitale. All of these impacted women and blacks. Betty Freedan was against the perfect life idea for women. Where they need to be the perfect wife for their husbands and how it was every woman’s dream. Betty had this life and it was not her dream. Blacks wanted full rights, no more segregation between them. With these two together the civil rights movement began. More information on these two groups are found in document C and D. Johnson faced a lot during his presidency, and he made it through all of it. He made a large impact on American’s life. Economically he put us into a severe struggle, but he did help with medical care, and schooling for children. Socially we now have equal rights, and the civil rights movement did work after a while. We all get along in schools and those movements started it all. Politically he was not the best president, but they all have ups and downs. My own opinion, Johnson was an okay president. Life was difficult then, but many of those difficult things made the life we live today a lot better.

History :: essays research papers

Question 3: Triangle trade brought slavery to America and helped Americans get important commodities it could not otherwise obtain. In the short term, triangle trade allowed farmers, fishermen, and other businesses to export their goods and make money, also allowing them to import goods that they needed from England. Triangle trade was necessary because of the British Navigation Acts, which restricted trade on certain items. Triangle trade also came about because sometime around the 1730’s the English market had reached its saturation point with American goods. The English had no need for American products, but the Americans still needed money to buy the English goods. The answer was in looking to foreign markets. In the early to mid 1700’s triangle trade brought prosperity and important goods to the colonists. Triangle trade did indeed bring important commodities, slaves being one of them. Slavery is the most important thing that triangle trade produced. The issue of slavery continually caused tension between the northern and southern colonies/states until finally there was war. The issue of slavery divided a nation ironically named the United States. While on an issue with all low points there is one fact which stands above the rest, somewhat. Due to the fact that it was a longer voyage for the slaves to reach America they were much higher priced than in the Southern Americas, where slaves were considered expendable and worked until death. Accoridngly, slaves where considered important and treated much better in North America. Slavery is a low point in American history many will try to forget, but will be embedded in the minds of all. The Great Awakening was a time of spiritual revival from the bland, monotone speakers of the past. The new speakers were crazed with enthusiasm and used unheard of methods of preaching, which greatly upset â€Å"old lights† or orthodox clergymen. The Great Awakening caused the creation of many new denominations, preaching styles, and competitiveness in America’s churches. Jonathan Edwards was one of the first men to revolutionize the nation with these new preaching techniques. His most famous speech, â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,† gave a graphic depiction of what eternal damnation was like. He used an example of a spider hanging from its web over a fire to show that at any time you could die and be cast into hell. The other prolific speaker of the time was George Whitefield.

Characteristics of Orsino in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Knight

Characteristics of Orsino in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Knight Love is desirable, everyone is in search of it, but some take it too far. Some let it control you, and reveal characteristics that ought not to be revealed. Orsino, in the twelfth knight for example let’s love control him revealing aspects of his personality that reveal is obsession with love. Some Notable Characteristics of the Duke of Illyria are his moodiness, selfishness and how he is a fool for love. Orsino is a gentleman who is in search of love, and while eagerly searching; his moodiness and foolishness is revealed. Struggling to find love, Orsino’s temperamental moodiness is revealed. His moodiness is revealed early in the play when Orsino interrupts his own musicians while they are playing to satisfy his needs. Orsino has musicians playing around him in hopes that it will distract his thoughts from how bad he wants to find love. Orsino says, â€Å"Enough; no more: ‘Tis not so sweet now as it was before. (Act I, Scene I) This reveals Orsino’s moodiness because the musicians were only trying to cheer him up, and Orsino deliberately and rudely interrupts them because the music was doing no good in hopes of cheering up his lonely heart. Also, later in the play Feste even points out Orsino’s moodiness. Feste compares Orsino's erratic moods to a gemstone when he says the Duke's â€Å"mind is very opal. † (Scene II, act IV) An opal is a gemstone th at shimmers and shifts in colors. Although, this is not meant to be a compliment by Feste, Feste is rather implying that Orsino is temperamental and unstable, like an opal constantly shifting in colors. Although, for Orsino, unlike an opal constantly shifting in colors, what shifts constantly is his moods. Orsino is a man who is more fixated with the fantasy of love than the reality of love, which portrays his selfishness in just wanting to fulfill his own desires. Orsino seems to be a man who is in love with the idea of being in love. The play begins with Orsino saying, â€Å"If music be the food of love, play on; Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting, The appetite may sicken, and so die. That strain again! it had a dying fall: O, it came o'er my ear like the sweet sound, That breathes upon a bank of violets, Stealing and giving odour! † (Act I, Scene I) Orsino is very fixated with love, willing to do whatever it takes to satisfy his own needs. He is so willing he even attempts to find love in a woman in which he knows doesn’t feel the same about him. Orsino fights to have Olivia love him back, in fact the more Olivia rejects him the more it seems Orsino tries t pursue her. Orsino doesn’t care that she has no love for him back, he just wants to find love, and that’s the selfishness within him. Orsino is a man in search of love, so determined to find it he makes a fool of himself. Based upon the opening scene we know Orsino is a passionate man who is out in search of the love of Olivia. Orsino says he is in love for the countess, but Orsino doesn’t truly know her, he just knows of her. When Orsino describes one of his fantasies, you can determine from it that it has nothing to do with the countess. The first time Orsino saw Olivia he describes, â€Å"That instant was I turn'd into a hart; And my desires, like fell and cruel hounds, E'er since pursue me. †(Act I, Scene I) Orsino says he was turned into a â€Å"hart† (a male deer and also a play on the word â€Å"heart†) and that he was chased or hunted by his own desires, which were like â€Å"hounds. † So, Orsino doesn't imagine his pursuit of Olivia so much as he fixates on his pursuit of himself in a fantasy that is all about him. He is a fool for love, fixated so much around it that he tries to make himself believe he is in love with someone he truly doesn’t even know. Orsino’s moodiness, selfishness, and foolishness all revolve around what means the most to Orsino, love. His moodiness flares up when dealing with the problems he faces when trying to find love. Orsino’s selfishness is revealed in the way he pursues a countess that doesn’t love him back, yet doesn’t even know him. Foremost, his foolishness is revealed by the way he tries to find love in general. Revolving so much around trying to find love, that he goes to extreme measures that makes him look foolish. In fact, anyone trying to find love as hard as Orsino should be looked at as foolish too. You cannot force love upon anyone, and you should never force it upon yourself, or you will be compelled as selfish in the fact that you want love so bad you do extraordinarily selfish things to do so. Like trying to love a woman who doesn’t love you back. Love is something that cannot be forced, that Orsino apparently doesn’t know, causing him to be moody, look selfish, and be a fool for love.

Solving Problems And Making Decisions

The Health Board was established in 2009 following the integration of the two former NHS Trusts and two Local Authorities’. The Vision was to ‘Create Altogether Healthier Communities’ by aiming to prevent ill health, protect good health and promote better health’ through working with partners to provide services as locally as possible and reducing the need for hospital inpatient care wherever feasible. The acute service at one of the District General Hospital provides assessment of functional need and implements interventions to enable patients to safely leave hospital.A small team of qualified and unqualified staff covers the 430 beds the District General Hospital. As a senior qualified team member, I am responsible for four busy surgical, neurological and cardiac wards. I am also responsible to the clinical development of junior and unqualified staff members. I review the length of time a referral is waiting to be seen, picking up referrals due to breach waiting targets as agreed by management. I generally hold a larger caseload than other team members and support my team with complex referrals and a high referral turn over. Description of the problemReferrals to the service are made primarily via ward nursing staff and other members of the multi-disciplinary team. Patient information is entered into a referral book and then non-qualified staff members collect the referral information twice daily. This generates a referral card with basic information relating to the patient’s reason for admission and general current health, which is submitted to a referral folder within the department. The qualified staff members use these referral cards to prioritise referrals. Inappropriate referrals to the acute Service are unfortunately a common occurrence.Patients’ are referred for assessment, which becomes a requirement prior to discharge. Any referral requires staff time, which has financial implications. A non-complex referral can take an average of 2 -4 hours to fully assess, complete the required paperwork and implement required recommendations. A complex referral can take a couple of days. An inappropriate referral can cause an unnecessary delayed discharge not only for the patient referred inappropriately, but also for other patients appropriately referred as often they must wait for the qualified to work with the inappropriate referral before they can be seen.This may result in a hospital bed being blocked; occupied by someone that could have been discharged rather than made to wait for an assessment. The rough average costing of a night’s stay in a NHS hospital bed is ?500. Analysis of the problem Consistent feedback from all therapists within the acute medical team indicated a flaw in the current referral system. Team members highlighted large numbers of referrals that did not meet the criteria for acute medical assessment and similarly large numbers of referrals made at inappropriate times. Following lengthy discussion at a team meeting, it was agreed that the current system was failing.The demand for assessment and interventions to plan for safe discharge from hospital is high. The indication of knowledge and understanding of the purpose of the assessment and intervention within the context of discharge planning is not so high. This was the consensus after reviewing the numbers of, reasons for and timing of referrals. Generally a referral is made by a qualified nurse sticking a patient information label onto a referral card and selecting a tick box option to indicate reason for referral. An estimation of the time this would take is 10 minutes.Based on an annual salary of a newly qualified staff nurse, this would equate to ?1. 80. An Assistant visits each ward twice daily, collecting the referral cards and completing information from the patient’s medical notes including reason for admission, social history and past medical history. This fully completed referra l is then placed into the referral folder which is located within the department. This part of the process will take up to 30 minutes per referral dependent on the complexity of the admission and medical history, if the medical notes can be located and if ward staff are to hand to discuss.Based on an annual salary of an experienced Assistant, this would equate to ?4. 40. For a referral to be made and information collected will cost approximately ?6. 20 (in wages. ) If a hospital bed costs approximately ?500 per night, and a patient is not discharged home to await an assessment, an inappropriate referral has then cost ?506. 20, which is a very large sum if the assessment was not required. An average initial assessment will take an hour, with another hour of paperwork.If a home visit or functional assessment is indicated, this may take up to three hours. If equipment is required, or referrals to other agencies indicated, this may take another couple of hours. Based on an annual salary of a mid-range senior qualified, the 7 hours would equate to ?105. To complete a full assessment and implement required interventions, a patient may require a further two nights in hospital i. e. ?1000. So, in total, ?6. 20 to complete an appropriate referral, ?105 to fully assess, ?1000 to implement interventions equals ?1111. 20.Once the problem of the impact inappropriate referrals have on delivering an effective and efficient acute service delivery, a focus group was set up to explore potential solutions. The aim was agreed – prevent unnecessary referrals to improve the effectiveness of the service, reduce delayed discharges and prevent bed blockages. Resolution of the problem Possible solutions were discussed as a team, which included management. Each potential solution was reviewed and realistic outcome potential considered. It was decided to target the referral process, to include the appropriateness and the timing of referrals made.The aim was to ensure only people i n need are referred and done so at an appropriate time. The chosen solutions were to educate referrers, facilitate morning handover a meeting with ward staff and therapists to discuss patients, create and cascade out referral flow-charts and to establish a clear criterion of those to refer and those who do not require assessment or interventions. The team evaluated each solution individually, reviewing the barriers and gains for each option and noted what would be required to implement each solution.Focus groups were recognised at the most cost-effective tool to progress solutions and a referral flow chart and appropriate/inappropriate referral criteria established. This was approved by the head and approved to role out onto the wards. There was of course resource implications, including clinical time spent away from assessments educating referrers. This reduced the scope for patients to be assessed by therapists. Similarly, Assistants spent the time they would usually collect refer ral information printing and laminating referral pathways/criteria and delivery them the wards.The most costly resource expenditure was a senior qualified attending a daily bed managers meeting, where delayed discharges could be highlighted and bed pressures discussed. Attendance to such meetings enabled our purpose and profile to be raised and the cost implications of frequent inappropriate referrals could be flagged. Other potential solutions were considered but not implemented primarily due to cost implications. For example, a triage system where a qualified would take all the referrals, attend relevant wards and review each referral on a 1:1 basis to establish it’s priority and appropriateness.This was deemed cost ineffective. Another potential solution was to create a referral duty desk and all referrals would need to be telephoned through during a set three hour time period. Though this would ensure all required information would be gathered, and priority/appropriatenes s could be established with the referrer straight away, it was not implemented. The department was unable to offer more than one therapist to operate the telephone for the entire hospital. Ward staff feedback was they were unable to commit to having time to make and discuss referrals within the duty desk operating hours.Similarly, it was agreed within the team that 3 hours a day out of clinical practice would be too cost effective and detrimental to managing the busy waiting list. The aim was agreed – prevent unnecessary referrals to improve the effectiveness of the service, reduce delayed discharges and prevent bed blockages. The solution was also agreed – a multi faceted approach to include establishing a referral pathway, referral criteria, establishing a morning ward handover, education for referrals and therapy attendance at bed managers meeting.Implementation and communication of the solution Action plan: Solutions identified and agreed. Action plan of how to, wh en to and who to lead on implementing each aspect of the solutions created. Referral pathway – myself to lead, completion within 2 week time frame for approval by service head. Once approved copies to be printed and laminated. Laminated pathways to be displayed on each ward, in nurse station area, in referral folders and in ward managers’ office. Referral criteria – focus group, completion within 2 week time frame for approval by service head.Criteria to be printed, laminated and to be displayed on each ward, in nurse station area, in referral folders and in ward managers’ office. Establishing a morning ward handover – ward allocated to lead, completion within two week time frame Education for referrers – myself to lead. PowerPoint presentation to be created within two week time frame for approval by service head. Education sessions to be arranged within two weeks following head approval. Attendance at bed managers meeting – senior to attend for immediate effect. Communication –Email sent to all ward managers and bed managers to inform them of referral Pilot. Information session offered for drop-in attendance for staff to openly discuss concerns and desired aim of planned changes. Meeting with Ward managers to explain full scope of Service, importance and impact of inappropriate referrals Feedback emails encouraged regarding referrers experiences of how the service altered if at all following the changes. Positive improvement monitoring – No official audit was completed during or immediately following the pilot. ConclusionThe problem highlighted was the impact of inappropriate referrals and inappropriately timed referrals on Service delivery in acute patient care. Solutions were identified and implemented over time. Although no formal audit was identified or carried out during this period to formalise outcomes and findings, staff feedback from all disciplines summarised positive change. The number of delayed discharges reduced, the amount of time spent with appropriate referrals increased and general team morale improved. Overall, the action plan to resolve the problem was successful.Ward staff approached therapy staff to discuss referrals, rather than simply making a referral without thought for appropriateness. The implementation of morning handover with nursing and therapy staff created time on a daily basis for such discussion, including addressing if a patient was ready to engage in assessment. No adjustment was made to the referral flowchart following its implementation. However, natural adjustments occurred with multi-disciplinary discussions on a daily basis. On reflection, methods evidence collection such as audit should have been carried out in order to formalise the effect of the change implemented.

Diamonds essays

Diamonds essays A diamond is Carbon in its most concentrated form. Its is composed solely of carbon, although traces of other elements may be present. Diamond is the hardest surface known to man, nothing can scratch a diamond except for another diamond. The reason diamonds are so hard is their molecular structure. The Carbon atoms are arranged very closely together in formations called crystal habits. In these arrangements, each carbon is bonded to four others with very strong bonds. Because the Carbon atoms are so close together, diamond is a very dense mineral in comparison to others with similar molecular composition. Diamonds density has been measured at 3.51 g/cm ³. Diamonds are valued for their luster and brilliance. The reason they are such a shiny gem is that they are very good at refracting, or bending, light. This causes the colors, or fire that seem to radiate from the sides of a diamond. Diamond also has the highest amount of reflectance of any transparent material. Stereotypically, diamonds are thought to be colorless, but in reality, colored diamonds have become very popular in both the market-place and the scientific world. Diamonds can be found in many colors, such as pink, red, purple, blue, white, and even black. Coming in contact with other elements causes these colors. Trace elements such as Nitrogen can cause a yellow diamond, while others, like boron, can cause blue Although diamonds have low electrical conductivity, they do have a very practical use aside from jewelry. Because they are excellent thermal conductors, they are often used in small machines to remove heat, causing them to run more efficiently. This also enables companies to make smaller devices. Because diamonds have such a high density, we know that they crystallize at very high temperatures under extreme pressure. Diamonds are prod ...

The Ultimate Guide to Cal State Schools How to Pick

The Ultimate Guide to Cal State Schools How to Pick SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The California State University (CSU) system consists of 23 college campuses throughout California. Cal State colleges provide higher education to hundreds of thousands of students from California and the rest of the country and world. In this article, I will describe the CSU system, profile each of the CSU colleges, and explain how to choose which CSU school to attend. About the CSU System There are 23 California State University campuses that offer undergraduate education. Below is the list of Cal State schools: CSU Bakersfield CSU Channel Islands CSU Chico CSU Dominguez Hills CSU East Bay CSU Fresno CSU Fullerton Humboldt State University CSU Long Beach CSU Los Angeles Cal Maritime Academy CSU Monterey Bay CSU Northridge Cal Poly Pomona CSU Sacramento CSU San Bernardino San Diego State University San Francisco State University San Jose State University Cal Poly San Luis Obispo CSU San Marcos Sonoma State University CSU Stanislaus There are about 484,000 students and 52,000 faculty and staff at CSU schools. The Cal State Universities are run by the same chancellor and a 25-member Board of Trustees. All of the CSUs are California public colleges, and they have earned a reputation for offering their students access to higher education at an affordable price. The tuition fee for all 23 campuses for the 2019-2020 academic year is $5,742 for undergraduate students. On top of this fee, students who aren't California residents must also pay nonresident tuition, which is currently $396 per semester unit or $264 per quarter unit. For students who plan on graduating in 4 years, that equates to about $11,880 annually. Therefore, non-resident tuition is about $17,622 for the 2019-2020 academic year. However, many of the CSU schools are composed almost entirely of California residents. Comparatively, tuition for the 2019-2020 academic year at University of California schools was $14,490 for California residents and $44,244 for nonresidents. Tuition at Santa Clara University, a private college in California, is $52,988 for this year. As a whole, the CSU schools are less selective and competitive than the UC schools. The Cal State schools are spread across the state of California, from San Diego in the south to Humboldt in the north. They vary tremendously in size. Cal Maritime has the smallest enrollment with 1,090 students, and CSU Fullerton has the largest with 40,439. Three of the CSU schools have a particular focus. Cal Maritime is a maritime academy, which is a school focused on teaching skills that can be put to use on the ocean or in industries related to the ocean. It's the only degree-granting maritime academy on the west coast. The Cal Poly schools (San Luis Obispo and Pomona) are polytechnic colleges that specialize in science and engineering. However, they do offer majors in the humanities and social sciences. The rest of the CSUs don't have a particular focus, but business is one of the most popular majors at the majority of the campuses. Also, many of the CSU campuses have a high percentage of commuter and non-traditional students. Commuter students live off campus, often with their families, and non-traditional students have taken more than a year off in between high school and college, or they go to school part time. Common complaints from students at schools with a large percentage of commuters are that there's not much school spirit, and it can be hard to make friends for students who live off-campus. The CSU schools try to make higher education accessible and accommodate the needs of their students. Students often talk about how helpful the professors are, and many CSUs offer honors programs for capable students who want a more academically challenging education. Furthermore, some CSUs offer online education or classes at smaller branch campuses to accommodate the needs of their students. You can easily determine if you meet the minimum requirements to gain admission to a CSU. Keep in mind that some CSU schools and majors within CSU schools are impacted while others are not. If a college isn't impacted, that means that all those that meet the minimum admission requirements are admitted. If a school or major is impacted, you have to exceed the minimum eligibility index to gain admission. Here's more information on impaction. Nathan Rupert/Flickr Comparing the Cal State Schools by the Numbers I created a table comparing the total enrollments (undergraduate and graduate students), average standardized test scores, and acceptance rates for each of the Cal State campuses. Take a look at the table to get an idea of the size and selectivity of each CSU institution. Even though some schools reported SAT scores that included the Writing section, CSU colleges don't consider SAT Writing or ACT Writing scores when determining admission eligibility. School Total Enrollment Average SAT Score (New) Average ACT Score Acceptance Rate (Fall 2018) CSU Bakersfield 9,863 980 19 68% CSU Channel Islands 7,053 1070 21 74% CSU Chico 17,488 1095 21 68% CSU Dominguez Hills 15,179 850 17 54% CSU East Bay 15,435 910 19 74% CSU Fresno 25,168 1010 19 59% CSU Fullerton 40,439 1100 22 46% Humboldt State University 8,347 1060 21 82% CSU Long Beach 37,065 1130 23 28% CSU Los Angeles 28,253 980 18 46% Cal Maritime 1,090 1180 24 66% CSU Monterey Bay 7,274 1070 21 53% CSU Northridge 39,816 1020 20 58% Cal Poly Pomona 25,894 1120 24 55% CSU Sacramento 30,670 1040 20 68% CSU San Bernardino 20,461 1000 19 57% San Diego State 34,828 1190 26 35% San Francisco State 26,607 1050 21 70% San Jose State 35,367 1100 23 67% Cal Poly San Luis Obispo 22,188 1290 29 35% CSU San Marcos 13,887 1040 21 57% Sonoma State University 9,223 1080 22 82% CSU Stanislaus 10,003 920 19 77% Jebb/Flickr Ranking of Cal State Schools In terms of selectivity and reputation, there isn't much distinction between many of the Cal State schools. San Diego State and Cal Poly San Luis Obispo probably have the best academic reputations of all of the CSUs. They also have considerably lower acceptance rates than the rest of the CSUs. I listed the Cal States by their US News rankings. US News incorporates many factors into its rankings including academic reputation, selectivity, graduation rate, freshman retention rate, and the financial resources of the institution. Also, US News separates schools into four categories in its rankings: National Universities, National Liberal Arts Colleges, Regional Universities, and Regional Colleges. All of the Cal States are in the Regional Universities (West) category except San Diego State, which is considered a National University and Cal Maritime, which is a Regional College. I attempted to rank San Diego State and Cal Maritime against the other Cal State schools based on selectivity and academic reputation. Remember that college rankings are not a perfect science, and while you can use rankings to inform your decisions and get a general idea of how schools are viewed, you should try to find the college that's best for you. School US News Ranking 1. Cal Poly San Luis Obispo 12 2. San Diego State 127 (National Universities) 3. Cal State Long Beach 26 4. Cal Poly Pomona 28 5. CSU Fullerton 205 (National Universities) 6. Cal Maritime Academy 3 (Regional Colleges) 7. CSU San Jose 33 8. CSU Monterey Bay 34 9. CSU Fresno 221 (National Universities) 10. CSU Chico 41 11. CSU Stanislaus 48 12. CSU Los Angeles 52 13. CSU San Bernardino 54 14. Humboldt State 54 15. Sonoma State 64 16. CSU Sacramento 69 17. CSU Channel Islands 73 18. CSU Northridge 73 19. CSU San Marcos 84 20. CSU Dominguez Hills 88 21. CSU Bakersfield 96 22. CSU East Bay 96 23. San Francisco State Tier 2 Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Profiles of Each Cal State School Many of the Cal State colleges are very similar because they're California public universities that share the same governing board. The biggest differences between most of the schools are related to their locations, sizes, and percentage of commuter students; the fewer who live on campus, the more likely it is that it's primarily a commuter school. Here are brief profiles of each school so you can gain a better understanding of its location and what makes it unique compared to the other Cal State schools. I included the most popular majors, freshman retention rate, and the percentage of students who live on campus. Additionally, I've provided student reviews for each college from Niche, a website that provides reviews, rankings, and statistics about neighborhoods and schools. I tried to include positive and negative reviews that were representative of many of the comments I read. I listed the schools in rank order. Cal Poly San Luis Obispo San Luis Obispo is located between Los Angeles and San Francisco on the Central Coast. It has a population of about 47,000. It's a very nice, quiet area. Cal Poly San Luis Obispo has far fewer commuter students than other Cal State schools. That gives the school more of a community feel on campus and students have a more traditional college experience. Also, Cal Poly SLO also has one of the best undergraduate architecture programs in the country. Total enrollment: 22,188 Most popular areas of study: Engineering, business/marketing, biological sciences, social sciences Freshman retention rate: 95% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 32% Student Reviews Cal Poly San Luis Obispo is a wonderful campus! The smaller class sizes are wonderful because I can easily connect with the subject and get to know my professors and fellow classmates better. The "Learn by Doing" motto is true! Being able to start having hands-on experiences since Day One makes your knowledge in your field grow and even helps you prepare for a career in your interested field. I love exploring the campus, the land around it, and going into Downtown San Luis Obispo. There's so many adventures you can make and every one is worth it. Cal Poly is an amazing school that feels homey while still having a good size student body. The campus is easy to traverse in a couple minutes yet doesn't feel small. They have amazing programs for agriculture, engineering, business, and architecture majors. I love Cal Poly! The people I've met so far are fun and open minded. There is so much to do in San Luis Obispo, with different beaches so close and the hills for hiking. In addition, all the teachers are supportive and very knowledgeable. Cal Poly Arboretum (Patrick Berry/Flickr) San Diego State University San Diego is California's second largest city. It has a population of about 1.4 million. The city is known for its beaches and idyllic climate. It's a couple of hours south of LA, and it's near the Mexican border. San Diego State offers students the opportunity to take advantage of the benefits of going to school in an urban environment. The San Diego Zoo is pretty cool, too. Total enrollment: 34,828 Most popular areas of study: Business/marketing, social sciences, health professions, psychology, engineering Freshman retention rate: 89% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 19% Student Reviews I've had the opportunity to participate in activities that have made me grow as a person, such as research labs, tutoring, and college athletics. This school offers so many different possibilities in terms of experience and career, and it's a very accepting school of people from all different backgrounds. SDSU offers incredible opportunities to students! The opportunity to study at one of the best public schools in the nation, the opportunity to get involved on campus, the opportunity to develop leadership skills, the opportunity to network with incredibly successful alumni, and of course the opportunity to enjoy one of America's most beautiful cities! My biggest advice is to take advantage of these opportunities! I've gotten involved with Greek Life, Associated Students, Rotaract (Community Service Organization), and clubs within my major. I can say with complete confidence that by taking advantage of those opportunities, I have set myself up for a successful and rewarding future! The campus is beautiful and if you like the sound of year-round sunshine and beaches SDSU is the place for you. If you are not a freshman living on campus and do not join Greek Life you will need to put in effort to get involved in the community so you don't feel like you are at a commuter school. The school had reasonable tuition and rent in the area, along with wonderful sporting teams and entertainment. I recommend this school if you are a Freshman or if you are an outgoing transfer student. Cal Poly Pomona Pomona is located about 45 minutes east of Los Angeles. Its population is about 150,000. The city is home to the Pomona Fairplex. Pomona offers students a diverse, urban environment outside of a big city. Total enrollment: 25,894 Most popular areas of study: Business/management, hospitality management, biology, civil engineering, mechanical engineering Freshman retention rate: 89% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 10% Student Reviews Cal Poly Pomona is quite welcoming and diverse. It definitely made a statement to ensure that diversity was something to be embraced. Wish there was more school spirit and football team. I love my school. Cal Poly Pomona specializes in engineering, and I am majoring in Industrial Engineering. I came from a small high school, and being that Cal Poly Pomona is smaller in size compared to some other California universities, this school was the perfect transition for me. The campus is beautiful, the people are kind, and I have been able to take several awesome engineering courses so far. One of my favorite experiences was when I took an engineering course by the name of "Engineering, Society, and You", or EGR 100. Within the laboratory portion of this course, I was able to build a mini rose float with my class. Every year, Cal Poly Pomona creates a float made of natural materials for the Rose Parade. Within my lab, I was able to help build a miniature version of last year's float. It was a very exciting project, although it required much time and effort. This assignment strengthened my patience, and group-working skills. I will always remember my class' mini float. If I could choose a college to attend all over again, I would not change a thing. My school is perfect for my major and intended future career. The educational aspect is right for me, and the overall environment is wonderful as well. San Jose State San Jose is the third largest city in California by population. Only Los Angeles and San Diego are larger. It has about 1 million residents. San Jose is located in the San Francisco Bay Area and is known as the capital of Silicon Valley. Many high-tech industries and start-ups are in or near San Jose. Total enrollment: 35,367 Most popular areas of study: Business/marketing, engineering, health professions, visual/performing arts, social sciences Freshman retention rate: 87% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 14% Student Reviews SJSU is a super diverse campus and there's always something to get into. However, it is very impacted making trying to get into classes almost impossible. San Jose State University is located in a great location. It is walking distance to many popular places in Downtown, and it is located in the Silicon Valley where there are always job opportunities. There are also plenty of extra curricular activities available, on and off campus. I have met a great number of people who have made the best out of their experience at SJSU and have come out of it with a great career and enjoyable memories. Obtaining an internship and career at SJSU is amazing, because we are in the heart of silicon valley and only 45 minutes from SF, there is a lot of opportunity here because employers want to hire us. CSU Fullerton Fullerton is located in northern Orange County, about 45 minutes south of Los Angeles. The population is roughly 140,000. Fullerton is pretty close to Disneyland. It has more of a suburban feel. Students tend to feel like they have to join clubs and get involved on campus to make friends and have a more enjoyable college experience. Total enrollment: 40,439 Most popular areas of study: Business/marketing, health professions, psychology, social sciences Freshman retention rate: 89% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 6% Student Reviews The campus is small and very close to downtown fullerton and Disneyland. I recommend doing more than just going to school: interact with clubs, go to teacher office hours, and sign-up on events on campus to get the full experience of being at CSUF. The campus is old, but slowly are adding modern improvements to the campus. The campus is good and is close to a lot of places a student might go such as parks, restaurants, mall, or movies. The degree you get here is the same everywhere else and probably cheaper too. First off, I am really happy that I chose the college I am attending now. It is a huge commuter school and I am one of those commuters. I have met some really great people and hope to make more new friends through the next few years. I think my experience thus far would be different if I actually lived on campus or in the off campus apartments. I feel as though I would be more involved and really help me explore what else it out there. The campus is very pretty and has many art statues and productions around campus. Each college on campus has their own unique area, but come together to provide students with multiple resources. One thing I would change about my school is the parking. It being a commuter school, they need more parking options, and to lower the parking pass price. So far, I am very excited about all the opportunities that Fullerton has to offer. I am already involved with activities and clubs. I have chosen classes with academic advisors and am developing many new relationships with people from different parts of California. CSU Long Beach Long Beach is located on the Pacific Coast in Los Angeles County. It's about 20 miles south of downtown Los Angeles. Long Beach is in between Los Angeles and Orange County. There are about 470,000 residents in Long Beach. Also, it's a very diverse city, and that's reflected in the demographics at CSU Long Beach. Total enrollment: 37,065 Most popular areas of study: Business/marketing, health professions, social sciences, consumer/human sciences Freshman retention rate: 90% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 8% Student Reviews My school is extremely diverse, which I think makes it unique, and full of friendly, approachable students. Although if I could do it all over again, I wish I could have chosen a college that would feel more like a college experience, as many students at my school commutes and there virtually no fun campus life. I attended community college prior to coming to Cal State Long Beach and this was my dream school while I was in high school. I was so excited to come to this school. While I would of loved to go to a school that had a major football team, this is what was going to fit my family's budget, location and degree. I got everything I wanted out of school and more. My department had amazing teachers that were incredibly experienced and knowledgeable, which made advising super simple. I have zero complaints about my experience. The location of the college is really amazing, right next to the beach. The college has a very welcoming environment, in which you feel the freedom to learn and grow as a person. The teachers are there to help you and help you succeed. Bill Erickson/Flickr CSU Chico Chico is about an hour and a half north of Sacramento and 3 and a half hours from San Francisco. It's one of the few Cal State campus locations that can be considered a college town. There's not much going in on Chico unrelated to the college. The population in Chico is about 90,000. It's close to the Sierra Nevada mountains. Total enrollment: 17,488 Most popular areas of study: Business/marketing, social science, health professions, parks recreation, psychology Freshman retention rate: 86% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 8% Student Reviews I love everything about the school! The lovely college town, the beautiful campus, the professors and advisors in my major, the facilities available to students, and how could I not mention the large variety of outdoor activities right on our doorstep! Love love love Chico State. Best decision ever! Such a true college town atmosphere! It has been great getting a fresh start away from my home town. I love every experience I have had here, good or bad. Each experience adds to the overall experience of being in college. I couldn't ask for a better time than being here. Partying is an integral part of the Chico way of life. The entire community surrounding the campus comes to life on the weekend; you can walk from street to street and always find a house party that'll welcome you in. Suzi Rosenberg/Flickr Sonoma State Sonoma State is located in Rohnert Park, which is a city in Sonoma County. Rohnert Park is about 50 miles north of San Francisco and its population is about 42,000. Also, Sonoma State is near wine country, where a ton of premium wine is produced. Rohnert Park isn't the most exciting area, but it's peaceful and close to more vibrant cities in the San Francisco Bay Area. Total enrollment: 9,223 Most popular areas of study: Business, psychology, sociology, liberal arts, criminology Freshman retention rate: 80% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 22% Student Reviews There isn't much to do outside of classes or in the area so it is necessary to join clubs or get involved on campus in order to enjoy your time. The classes are not very difficult and there are some not so great teachers, but if you can get into the right classes there are some amazing teachers! Registration for classes is very competitive and could set you back if you are in an impacted major. I have enjoyed going to school here, but there are definitely things that could make the school much better. I would say that Sonoma State is designed to help students with academic success. There are services in place to help students with special needs. Professors are more than supportive and the workload is usually reasonable. Sonoma state is a great school, in a beautiful area. Its about an hour from San Francisco, and an hour from the beach. The dorms at Sonoma state are more like mini apartments, they are much more nicer than any of the dorms on other campuses. The only reason why I would choose a different school is to have a football team and be able to experience that college life. Cal Maritime Academy Cal Maritime is located in Vallejo. Vallejo is in between San Francisco and Sacramento on the northeastern shore of San Pablo Bay. Its population is about 120,000. Vallejo is a very diverse area. Cal Maritime doesn't have many academic offerings, but it's a great option if you're interested in one of its programs. Total enrollment: 1,090 Most popular areas of study: Only six majors: business administration/international business and logistics, facilities engineering technology, global studies and maritime affairs, marine engineering, marine transportation, and mechanical engineering. Freshman retention rate: 85% Student Reviews Vallejo has a reputation of being dangerous but it is a close drive to go to Berkeley, San Francisco, or Davis to hang out. This school focuses solely on the Engineering, Marine Transportation, and Business Departments. Each one of these programs has been skillfully developed and is taught by experienced professors to deliver a stunningly successful learning environment. The diversity for majors is pretty small. Generally people come here already knowing what they intend to major in. This is fantastic if you know what you want to do with your education at age 18. Crippling if you don't. CSU Fresno Fresno is the largest city in the Central Valley of California. It's in between Los Angeles and San Francisco. There are about 500,000 people in Fresno, but the area is still associated with agriculture and many of the surrounding cities are heavily involved in agricultural production. Even though Fresno State is a commuter school, it does offer big-time college sports, and there's more school spirit there than at some of the other Cal State schools. Total enrollment: 25,168 Most popular areas of study: Business/marketing, health professions, liberal arts, law enforcement and protective services, psychology Freshman retention rate: 79% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 5% Student Reviews I honestly love California State University, Fresno. Not only are the educational and sports aspects of the college amazing, but the unity and school spirit are more than I could have asked for. The people I have met and friendships I have formed will last a lifetime. I would choose this school again in a heartbeat. Bulldog born, bulldog bred! It is a good school with a lot of resources available to students. However, there are many things that can be improved to make student life easier and better such as more food options on campus, better transportation systems including bikes. Also, I do not feel safe. At all. As a Criminology major, classes get filled up so fast and many are only offered at night which leaves me to worry about walking in the dark, something I shouldn't be fearful of in my own campus. More than anything, I should not have to push back my graduation year or semester due to not being able to enroll in the classes I need even if I am a senior already. This is absurd. I have had the most amazing time at Fresno State! The schools is great, my professors have all been very nice and helpful, the campus isn't too big but it isn't too small either. That's great because just by walking around campus you meet so many different people. There are many events that happen during specific times and they are all so much fun to go to. Other than the actual campus the faculty and advisors are great. They push you to do your best and get where you are trying to go! Humboldt State Humboldt State is located in Arcata in Humboldt County adjacent to the Humboldt Bay. Arcata is about 280 miles north of San Francisco. Like Chico, it's also a college town. Arcata's population is about 18,000. Humboldt State is known for its beautiful natural environment, and its students have a reputation for being a tad on the hippie side. Total enrollment: 8,347 Most popular areas of study: Biology, social sciences, visual/performing arts, business/marketing Freshman retention rate: 71% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 26% Student Reviews My overall experience at school so far has been amazing. I love how it's so different from back home and how people are so friendly. Even when they don't know you they take the time to say hello. I love how our campus is surrounded by redwood trees and it's only a 5 minute walk and you're in the forest. Not only do we have beautiful trails in the forest but we also have the ocean. At the highest point on campus you can get a beautiful view of the water with the background of the sunrise or sunset. There is no other place I would rather be getting my education than at Humboldt State University. The general atmosphere of the school is pleasant and welcoming. The towering redwood trees surrounding the school inspire a sense of wonder and appreciation for natural beauty that to the same degree I have not felt before. Inside the classrooms the professors are experts in their various fields and are, from what I have experienced, professional and deeply invested in the progression and education of each individual student. Not once have I felt that my professor is simply there for a paycheck. Also, as a science major, there is nothing comparable to being able to study diverse fungi, plants, or wildlife in class and then walk five minutes into the Community Redwood Forest on campus to see those same organisms living and functioning in their natural habitats. That is an experience I think is somewhat unique to Humboldt State University. I enjoy the environment at Humboldt State. There are many good vibes that surround it and that the people bring. It is very green, calming and peaceful to be in. It is a small town, which is what I enjoy; I'm not very much into the big city life. Majority of the people here are hippies so it's nice being around people that are just like me. CSU Monterey Bay CSU Monterey Bay is located in the city of Seaside in Monterey County. The college is actually on an old military base. Seaside is about 2 hours south of San Francisco and an hour south of Santa Cruz. The population is about 34,000. It's only a couple of miles east of Monterey, which is an upscale coastal city that features the famous Monterey Bay Aquarium. Total enrollment: 7,274 Most popular areas of study: Liberal arts, business/marketing, psychology, parks recreation, public administration Freshman retention rate: 80% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 46% Student Reviews California State University Monterey Bay is an amazing school focused on sustainability, marine life and biology. Although I am not a biology major, I am very proud of the ways my college has focused on being Eco-friendly and doing its part in helping the environment. It's a small, but growing college so a lot of attention is given to students. There are so many opportunities as well for all students such as scholarships, research projects, jobs, etc. There is also an outstanding amount of care from advisors if you begin to slip and they walk you through everything and do their best at assisting you in any way. This school is definitely not for everyone. My experience has had good parts and bad parts. My biggest tip would be to get involved on campus or in a club. And, bring a car if you can. The parking pass is kinda high in price but life will be so much better with a car. Tanimura Antle Family Memorial Library (CSU Monterey Bay/Flickr) CSU Stanislaus CSU Stanislaus is located in Turlock in Stanislaus County. Turlock is about two hours southeast of San Francisco, and it's about two hours west of Yosemite. Its population is about 73,000. It offers a small town vibe and the smaller student body at CSU Stanislaus gives it more of a community feel. Total enrollment: 10,003 Most popular areas of study: Business, psychology, criminal justice, liberal arts, nursing Freshman retention rate: 85% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 8% Student Reviews I wouldn't choose any other school than CSU Stan. Most of the professors will do anything to see their students succeed and that is something very important. In addition, I enjoy our beautiful campus it just makes me feel happy and relax every time I have to walk between classes. The professors and advisers really helped me to understand the steps that I need to take in order to receive my degree. They are very helpful. People may wonder where in the world is Turlock CA but this small town is pretty and when you find a store they are mainly together. For example, in Geer road you can find anything there and is right off campus. Also the campus is not surrounded by an ugly area. The area is in fact very pretty and seems safe. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. CSU Los Angeles Cal State LA is located in the eastern part of Los Angeles facing the San Gabriel Mountains. Cal State LA is 5 miles east of downtown Los Angeles. Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second largest in the US. Its population is almost 4 million. Like many of the other Cal States, Cal State LA is known for its diversity. Total enrollment: 28,253 Most popular areas of study: Business/marketing, social sciences, health professions, psychology Freshman retention rate: 79% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 4% Student Reviews I have been able to meet new people from all around the world. They have opened my eyes to new experiences and cultures. My school is very diverse which is why I love it, being able to interact with other students on a daily basis helps me improve my communication skills and those students may help me become successful in the future. My overall experience has been very active, full with new activities and opportunities. I love Cal State LA, the professors are very friendly and are always willing to help out their students. The atmosphere is great, there is a variety of different cultures. The only complaint I have is that the parking is horrible but, overall I could not ask for a better college experience. It is not as easy to get the classes that are needed for my intended major. The guidance is not really there to help figure out which classes are needed in order to get my BA. CSU San Bernardino San Bernardino is about 1-2 hours east of Los Angeles, depending on the traffic. There's usually traffic. The city of San Bernardino has a population of about 216,000. San Bernardino is often considered to be a diverse, blue-collar city. Unfortunately, San Bernardino is one of the poorest cities in the US. At CSU San Bernardino, because it's a commuter school, there isn't much of an on-campus community. Total enrollment: 20,461 Most popular areas of study: Business/marketing, psychology, social sciences, health professions, law enforcement/protective services Freshman retention rate: 85% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 6% Student Reviews It's a commuter school so there really isn't much to do on campus but there are events here and there you can look forward to. California State University of San Bernardino is an amazing campus with extraordinary professors that want to see their students excel. My time so far at this school has been remarkable and given the opportunity, I'd choose this school over and over again. The staff and students are all friendly and helpful in making sure that every single person is succeeding. I couldn't be happier with my school, and my decision to become a San Bernardino Coyote! Go Yotes! There is no sense of community on this campus, even at the campus housing level. It is a commuter school that does not place much emphasis on building a community of proud students. Students treat attending school as a chore and avoid housing or staying on campus in general. A possible factor is the low socio-economic status of the area. I love my school because how diverse it is and the opportunities they have. For opportunities my school is always throwing events for students to learn how to network. I believe this helps us get ready for the real world and our careers. CSU Northridge Northridge is in the San Fernando Valley of the greater Los Angeles area. Northridge has a population of about 27,000. It offers a suburban environment. I grew up about 30 minutes from Northridge, and I remember some kids in elementary school having their birthday parties at a roller skating place in Northridge called Skateland. That's a random piece of nostalgia, so it's probably not helpful. The CSUN campus is large and its student body is diverse. Total enrollment: 39,816 Most popular areas of study: Business/marketing, social sciences, psychology, health professions Freshman retention rate: 77% Student Reviews I like coming here however it is lacking school spirit. We need a football team, also registering is terrible because there are not enough professors to accommodate all the students. My school is unique for its diversity and for the wonderful people that attend as well as the wonderful people that are there to help the students succeed. It is a wonderful school with full of professionals that have had experience in the field they are teaching. And not to forget the University Student Union is always having events for its students such as noon concerts or craft corner, at CSUN we have the right amount of education and fun. I feel as though this is a great school. I have had a few great classes, and have had the opportunity to interact with some outstanding professors. Getting the classes you need becomes a challenge, and there are too many students for my liking. CSU Sacramento Sacramento is the capital of California. It's about 2 hours northeast of San Francisco. Its population is roughly 501,000. Sacramento is an extremely diverse city. The CSU Sacramento campus has a reputation for being very scenic. Total enrollment: 30,670 Most popular areas of study: Business/marketing, education, social sciences, public administration and social services Freshman retention rate: 81% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 7% Student Reviews It's a pretty good school. It is pretty impacted though. It's hard to get into classes so it takes a while to graduate. But we do have a new president who wants to help us graduate in time. The campus is beautiful, the area can get very warm but with over 3,000 trees around, there's plenty of shade. Only downside to having so many trees is allergy season, it get to me every time but I still love the area. The people and staff are friendly and very helpful, it is very easy to find a good and cheap place to eat in the area. There are a variety of different programs and degrees available, plus there are great advisers to help with where to go and what to do. I can't wait to start school again in the fall! Campus is beautiful, people are friendly and helpful, countless resources and services to support students that are free, lots of fun and free/cheap events and programs on campus that make getting involved in campus life fun and easy. I'm truly happy I came here. CSU Channel Islands CSU Channel Islands is located in Camarillo, which is between Los Angeles and Santa Barbara. Camarillo offers a suburban environment, and it has a population of about 65,000 people. CSU Channel Islands is the newest CSU campus- it opened in 2002. Also, CSU Channel Islands is close to beaches and the very popular Camarillo outlet stores. Total enrollment: 7,053 Most popular areas of study: Psychology, business, biology, nursing Freshman retention rate: 81% Student Reviews It's a small, beautiful campus in a quiet area. The other students are really nice, nonjudgmental, and easy to get along with. The professors really care about you and your education, and they do everything they can to help you while you're there. I love that it's not about pressure or prestige; it's about learning and having a good environment in which to do so. I love the location of my school, it pushes the students to focus on their academics because there aren't many attractions close to the school. Its very relaxing, we have the beach really close which i think is an advantage of this Cal State, a lot of the Cal states don't have beautiful beaches like we do. The staff and faculty are amazing people, they want you to graduate and they show it, there's a lot of help you can find if you need it which is great! The financial aid department is terrible. I had to email five people before I finally got a response to my question. Scholarships are easy to apply for, just have to fill out a general application and write a small essay. They even gave me an even better scholarship once it became available. CSU San Marcos San Marcos is a city in the northern part of San Diego County. It has a population of about 96,000. It's about 35 minutes north of the city of San Diego. Total enrollment: 13,887 Most popular areas of study: Parks recreation, social sciences, business/marketing, family/consumer sciences, health professions Freshman retention rate: 81% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 80% Student Reviews Cal State San Marcos is a really relaxing school it's easy to stay focused on your work as well as enjoy your college experience. The city itself is nature filled mountains and hiking spots everywhere and a beautiful place to live in let alone study and train in. It's exciting to be able to go to such a beautiful school in a great small city with huge adventures. San Marcos is an awesome area to go to college at. I lived on campus and it was fun meeting people and going out with my roommates on days I didn't have homework. They always have activities to do on campus. I really wish that I chose a school further away from home. I feel that being able to live on your own and independently is a big part of the college experience, and i was a big part of what I was looking for. Cal State San Marcos was a major fall back because it was not my top choice and I think that the main reason i chose to go there was because of the affordability. CSU Bakersfield Bakersfield is about 110 miles north of Los Angeles and south of Fresno. It's a hub for agriculture and oil production. I've been to Bakersfield a few times. Even though it's about an hour and a half from LA, it's a completely different environment. I've met people with southern accents who are Bakersfield natives, and there happens to be a big annual rodeo in Bakersfield. CSU Bakerfield has a Division I athletic program and the team name is the Roadrunners. Total enrollment: 9,863 Most popular areas of study: Liberal arts, psychology, social sciences education, mathematics Freshman retention rate: 76% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 4% Student Reviews California State University of Bakersfield (CSUB) is a wonderful university to attend. It is between a small and medium sized campus that students will have enough to explore for a while. The staff and students at this university are very kind and more than willing to help. The professors are more than happy to make time to listen to their students who need help and will encourage students to ask questions and to go to tutoring if they need help. They even are happy to help students one on one if there is time available for both the student and the professor. One of my favorite experiences is fairly recent. I have joined Computer Science as an introductory course and I fell in love with the class. I learned how to program in the language C++ and the professor encouraged students to pursue a Computer Science degree because of the many wonderful things programming and coding involve. How it is everywhere around us. I would definitely choose this school again because of all the support the students receive. A smaller school in a small almost metropolitan town, the citizens are a little bit pushy with their conservative beliefs and it makes meeting people difficult. Cal state Bakersfield has a great sense of student pride and a clean campus. The first time I set foot into CSUB also happened to be the first day of class. It was generally easy to find my way. However, I believe the quality of teaching from some, not all, professors is lacking. Overall it is a great school but it could be better. San Francisco State San Francisco is a densely populated city on the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula. It's known for its cool summers, hills, diversity, progressive politics and the Golden Gate Bridge. Its population is about 884,000. San Francisco is about a 6 hour drive from Los Angeles. The rich San Francisco culture permeates the San Francisco State campus. Total enrollment: 26,607 Most popular areas of study: Business/marketing, social sciences, health professions, visual/performing arts Freshman retention rate: 76% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 15% Student Reviews I love the location of my school, the weather and the professors. I would just like to see a larger athletics program because right now the sports on campus aren't very popular. Also, a campus more Greek affiliated would be nice. I love the diversity I see on campus and in my classrooms, I'm meeting people from all over the U.S. Also since the school is very close to the city there are many volunteer and job opportunities. The school is very accepting and open to all people and I find that safe and comforting. I think San Francisco State is a great university. It has one of the best Spanish programs in California. My favorite part about SF State is that it is in  ¨The City. ¨ You will always have something to do. San Francisco is so rich in culture and SFSU reflects that. The school has such a big international population that you have the chance to make friends with students from all over the world. I would recommend San Francisco State University to any student looking for a school in California. If you want more of a party-ish school or a school with a lot of school spirit, it's not here. Most people are commuting so they go straight home after classes. I'm not really a party person but I want the option of going instead of trying to hunt down parties that are off campus (all parties are basically off-campus). SFSU Cafeteria (Michael Ocampo/Flickr) CSU Dominguez Hills CSU Dominguez Hills is located in Carson. Carson is in the South Bay region of the greater Los Angeles area. It's 13 miles south of downtown Los Angeles and has a population of roughly 93,000. Carson is another extremely diverse California city. There is a high percentage of non-traditional students at CSU Dominguez Hills. Total enrollment: 15,179 Most popular areas of study: Business/marketing, health professions, psychology, social sciences, liberal arts Freshman retention rate: 82% Percent of students who live in campus housing: 5% Student Reviews Overall, the school is in OK condition. There are professors that genuinely care about you, and others that don't. This school really focuses on helping you out, and it seems like most of the workers here really want you to succeed. There is a good atmosphere here. I love this school. It still has a community college feel while getting university level classes. There really isn't much partying or any nightlife but that works for me. The teachers really take time with their students. I wish the campus had more updated classrooms and buildings, but that doesn't affect the teachers or students. The application and acceptance process is quick and simple, compared to other schools. Everyone I've had contact with via the phone/email is extremely friendly and helpful. My favorite part about Cal State Dominguez Hills is the availability of classes. I got the exact schedule I wanted, with the teacher I wanted. In class, it's not crammed with as many students as possible, which allows the teacher to really teach their students. Overall, the school is great and I would recommend applying here to other prospective students. CSU East Bay CSU East Bay is located in Hayward. Hayward is in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. It's about 20 minutes south of Oakland and about 45 minutes east of San Francisco. Hayward has a population of about 160,000. It's extremely diverse, and that's reflected in the student body at CSU East Bay. Total enrollment: 15,435 Most popular areas of study: Business, health professions, social sciences, psychology, public administration Freshman retention rate: 77% Student Reviews I'm happy with my school choice. My school is extremely diverse and it makes the school very unique. You get the chance to meet a lot of different people from a lot of different lifestyles and cultures. My school also has an amazing campus life, they have a lot of great events going on. But the thing I love the most about my school is the view, East Bay is on the top of a hill and overlooks the San Francisco Bay. So it looks amazing all day long especially during the sunsets. I've enjoyed my time at East Bay so far and plan on finishing my degree there. Despite only just entering CSUEB, it is an average experience. I've had problems with getting financial aid, and faculty does not seem very keen to assisting me with simple questions, but most of my classes so far, I know, are going to be memorable ones. I feel like the smartest in all my classes though, but chose this school as it is the closest to my home. My experience has been relatively decent academically. The professors are helpful for the most part and know their stuff. The administration could do with some retraining since most of the time they are not helpful when you have an issue with classes or payments. How Do You Decide Which CSU Schools to Apply To? One benefit of applying to Cal States is that you can apply to multiple campuses at the same time. If you apply online, your information will be saved so you don't have to reenter it for each school you apply to. Furthermore, there's no application essay. It's rather easy to apply; however, you shouldn't apply to schools you have no desire to attend. Also, unless you qualify for a fee waiver, which is only available to California residents, there's an application fee of $55 for each campus you apply to. As of October 1st, 2019, the fee per campus will increase to $70 per campus, but this will not apply to students applying for the Spring 2020 term. Look at the list of schools you're applying to. Make sure you have at least a couple of safety schools. To consider a college a safety school, you should have at least an 80% chance of gaining admission. To determine your odds of admission for a particular college, you can google the name of the school and "prepscholar admission requirements." On the school's profile, you can use the admissions calculator that will help you roughly determine your chances of getting accepted to that college. Many students apply to CSUs as safety schools. To see if you meet minimum eligibility requirements for CSUs, determine your eligibility index. Remember that you should exceed the minimum requirements for impacted campuses and majors. Next, eliminate the schools you know you don't want to attend. Research each of the campuses and consider what's important to you in a college. Factor in the school's size and location. Furthermore, determine which schools have the majors and programs that interest you. If you're applying to any Cal States, I recommend applying to one to five CSUs. Some people apply to only one CSU because it's their safety school, there's only one CSU that interests them, or they want to go to a specific CSU and they can be confident that they'll get in. Others apply to more campuses because they want to go to a CSU and they're still weighing their options. Or they apply to a couple of the more selective CSUs and some of the less selective. CSU San Marcos Softball (SD Dirk/Flickr) How Do You Decide Which CSU to Attend? Choose which CSU to attend the same way you would go about choosing any college. Consider which factors are most important to you in a college. Look at the school's website and use college finders, search websites, guidebooks, and ranking lists to help you in the college selection process. You can also use CSU Mentor to learn more about each of the CSU campuses. Generally, most students pick which CSU to attend based on its location, size, or selectivity. For the majority of students who attend CSUs, location seems to be the biggest priority. Many students choose to attend the CSU that's closest to home. They're able to save money by living at home, or they can easily go home, if need be. Others prefer to experience life in a new environment. I would always encourage my students to at least consider a school that's further away. Sometimes students have to live at home due to financial or family situations, but I think it's preferable to live on campus and not return home on a daily basis. You'll have more fun, become more independent, and be able to participate in more on-campus extracurricular activities. Ideally, you should go to the college where you'll feel the most comfortable and be most excited to learn. There are CSUs by beaches and mountains. There are CSUs in rural, urban, and suburban environments. There are CSUs in Northern California, Central California, and Southern California. The next biggest priority seems to be the size of the student body. In the CSU system, there are very big schools like CSU Northridge, CSU Long Beach, and CSU Fullerton; there are medium-sized schools like Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, CSU Chico, and CSU Dominguez Hills; there are smaller schools like Humboldt State, CSU Monterey Bay, and CSU Stanislaus. Some students prefer the individualized attention and community feel of a smaller school while others enjoy the diversity of options for classes, programs, and activities that you'll find at bigger schools. Also, selectivity and academic reputation are important considerations for some students. Most of the Cal States do not vary much in terms of selectivity or reputation because they're all connected, but there are differences. Cal Poly SLO is generally viewed as the top CSU, but it's a polytechnic school and may not be the best place for you if you're interested in the humanities or social sciences. Refer to the rankings and acceptance rates to get an idea of the selectivity of the different CSUs. Furthermore, keep in mind that different CSUs have different majors and programs. For example, because Sonoma State is located near wine country, it's home to the Wine Business Institute, where you can earn a wine business management certificate. If you're interested in a specific major or program, or if you want to compare the majors offered at the different CSUs, I recommend using CSU Mentor or a college finder like Big Future to quickly and easily compare the different colleges and get a complete list of the available majors. Finally, finances can play a role in your college decision. While tuition costs are the same for each CSU, you may get more financial aid at one of the campuses. Or, you may save money by living at home. Additionally, the cost of living of the area of the school may be a factor. San Jose and San Diego are pricey areas. Especially If you're living off-campus, it's significantly cheaper to live in Turlock, Chico, or Fresno. Great Valley Center/Flickr What's Next? If you're trying to find selective schools that you have a good shot of getting into, check out this post on target schools. If you're not sure you want to attend college in California, I recommend learning more about where in the country you should go to college. Finally, if you find the diversity of the CSUs appealing, read my article about the most diverse colleges in the country. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: